Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a phytopathogenic dna virus of banana plants in several tropical regions of the world including australia, the south pacific, parts of asia and africa. Bunchy top disease of banana is one of the most devastating diseases caused by banana bunchy top virus bbtv that results in a significant loss of yield, stunting and bunchy appearance of leaves. Pcr amplified products consisting of at least seven distinct bands all approximately 1 kb and. The global distribution of banana bunchy top virus reveals little evidence for frequent recent, humanmediated long distance dispersal events daisy stainton,1 darren p. The intergenic regions of banana bunchy top virus bbtv dna1 to 5 were fused to the green fluorescent protein gfp and uida reporter genes and assessed for promoter activity in transgenic banana musa spp. Infected plants cannot recover and will serve as a source of viral. Notice the leaves are upright, stunted and tend to cluster in the throat of the plant. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a deadly pathogen which affects many areas of the worldwide banana industry. Family nanoviridae is a phytopathogenic virus associated with bunchy top disease of banana has become a major threat to banana and plantain cultivation in india and in several tropical regions of the world and cause significant yield losses.
Infected plants rarely produce a fruit bunch after infection and do. During this time, the aphid can transmit the virus to a healthy banana plant by. Crew,7 murray sharman,7 simona kraberger,1 anisha dayaram,1 matthew walters,1. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is one of the most serious diseases of banana. Pdf pcr detection of banana bunchy top virus bbtv at. Banana production in the region food and fertilizer. Transgenic banana plants resistant to banana bunchy top virus. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is the aetiological agent of one of the most important banana diseases in the south pacific and southeast asia banana bunchy top disease, bbtd. An agentbased computer simulation on banana bunchy top. If you have seen banana bunchy top within the southern banana biosecurity zone pdf, 420kb, contact the banana bunchy top hotline on 1800 068 371.
Banana bunchy top disease bbtd is an aphidtransmitted virus disease of banana plants. Banana bunchy top disease bbtd is caused by the member of the nanoviridae group, banana bunchy top virus bbtv. Natural occurrence of banana bunchy top virus in ensetesuperbum. The rate of virus free plant regeneration from banana bunchy top virus bbtv infected plants was 57.
The disease is caused by banana bunchy top virus bbtv, which is transmitted by. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a major constraint to banana production in the philippines. Bunchy top the banana knowledge platform of the promusa. It severely affects the most popular local cultivar lakatan aaa, which is. Eradication of banana bunchy top virus bbtv and banana. All attempts at mechanical transmission have failed. Bbtv is the most serious virus disease of bananas and plantains.
It is widespread in most of southeast asia, the philippines, taiwan, most of the. Bbtv is a mu lticomponent singlestranded dna virus that is efficiently transmitted by an aphid vector. Strict controls on the movement and planting of bananas help to prevent the spread of serious banana diseases such as banana bunchy top virus, black sigatoka and fusarium wilt also known as panama disease. In order to identify putative sources of resistance, a cultivar screening trial comprising 40 musa genotypes was established in march 2007 at the isabu mparambo. The basis for control came from the discovery that 1 banana bunchy top was caused by a virus, 2 this virus was transmitted by the aphid, p.
Banana bunchy top virus is not transmitted from adult aphids to their offspring. Aphids can acquire the virus after about an 18hour feeding period, and can retain the virus. Early on, the identity of the pathogen was highly contested due to the inability of isolating it. Banana is the premier fruit of asia and the pacific. Aphididae, vector of banana bunchy top virus, in three infected banana genotypes. Dwarf brazilian plants resistant to banana bunchy top virus bbtv by transforming four gene constructs derived from the replicase associated. Subtropical banana information kit eresearch archive. The banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a circular singlestranded dna virus 1820 nm in diameter that causes bunchy top in bananas. Before destruction, diseased plants should first be sprayed with power kerosene or insecticide to kill all viruliferous aphids. Bbtv is known to cause the most serious economic losses in the old world, contributing to a yield reduction of up to 100% and responsible for a dramatic. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is established as restricted matter under the act. The purpose of this article is to enhance ones ability to recognize bunchy top and the aphid vector. It is the most important fruit of indonesia, thailand, vietnam, bangladesh, the philippines, the south pacific island countries and also india, where recently banana has been surpassing mango, traditionally the dominant fruit.
Bbtv is spread between plants by the banana aphid pentalonia nigronervosa. Evidence for a viral agent a virus, bbtv, is the causal agent of bunchy top disease of banana. Dale j, burns t, oehlschlager s, karan m, harding r. Family nanoviridae is a phytopathogenic virus associated with bunchy top disease of. Like many viruses, bbtv was named after the symptoms seen, where the infected plants are stunted and have bunchy leaves at the top. The cooperative extension service 1997 states that, \ banana bunchy top virus is spread by the banana aphid, which acquires the virus after at least four but usually about 18 hours of feeding on an infected plant. Banana bunchy top disease can be effectively controlled by the eradication of diseased plants and the use of virus tested planting material. Statewide banana bunchy top virus was first introduced to hawaii in 1989.
There are no identified immune banana cultivars which precludes the. Predicting the benefits of banana bunchy top virus exclusion. This imposes an obligation on persons to report the presence of bbtv to an authorised officer and to take reasonable. Pest risk assessment made by france on banana bunchy top virus. Bunchy top is a viral disease caused by the banana bunchy top virus bbtv. Banana bunchy top virus is widespread in southeast asia, the philippines, taiwan, most south pacific islands, hawaii and.
Aphididae and their relationship to banana bunchy top virus in micronesia by julie anne m. The disease, referred to as banana bunchy top disease bbtd, gets its name from the bunchy appearance of infected plants. Under queensland legislation if you suspect the presence of banana bunchy top, you must report it. The replication of banana bunchy top virus is suppressed by overabundant rep expression 105 abstract 106 introduction 107 materials and methods 109 results 119 discussion and conclusions 1 chapter 5 effect of rep mutants on the replication of banana bunchy top virus 5 abstract 6 introduction 7 materials and methods 142 results 151. Banana bunchy top is a viral disease caused by a singlestranded dna virus called the banana bunchy top virus bbtv. By that time, however, the virus has most likely been spread to other plants by the banana aphid, pentalonia nigronervosa. Banana bunchy top virus is widespread in southeast asia, the philippines, taiwan, most south pacific islands, hawaii and parts of india and africa. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv, belonging to the genus babuvirus, is the most devastating and widespread banana virus. Detailed signs and symptoms photographrich supplement to pd12 and crop knowledge master pdf 1. Banana and plantain are major crops in terms of household income and food.
Bbtv is a member of the family nanoviridae, which includes at least seven viral species clustered within two separate genera. Bbtv is transmitted by the black banana aphid, pentalonia nigronervosa, and in infected planting. Although unequivocal evidence by reproduction of the disease through inoculation of purified virions or cloned genomic components is lacking, definitive association of bbtv with bunchy top disease was demonstrated by insect vectormediated transmission of bbtv from an. A 93 nucleotide sequence was found to be strongly conserved between two ssdna genomic components of banana bunchy top virus bbtv. Babuvirus, banana aphid, africa banana bunchy top virus bbtv. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv magnaye and valmayo undated describe a variety of methods that can help readers recognize an infestation. The aphid can retain the virus through its adult life, for a period of 1520 days. Bbtd indiscriminately infects banana and plantain cultivated in the low altitude areas 3. Two outwardly extending degenerate primers were designed from this sequence and used in a polymerase chain reaction pcr with dna extracted from purified bbtv virions.
First report of banana bunchy top virus in malawi article pdf available in plant disease 819. Virus host plants banana, plantain, abaca, wild banana, bird of paradise, ginger affected plant stages all growth stages affected plant parts whole plant symptoms the initial symptom is the presence of darkgreen spots on the petioles, midribs, and leaf veins of the newly emerging leaves. Pdf banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a circular singlestranded ss plant dna virus and the type member of the genus babuvirus in the. Pdf movement and transmission of banana bunchy top virus dna. Bbtv causes bunchy top disease of banana and plantain. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is the causal microorganism of this disease. Virus acquisition and latent periods in aphids and banana plants mandy anhalt uh ctahr peps rodrigo p. Foottit abstract the geographical distribution of pentalonia nigronervosa and p. Pdf the systemic movement and replication of banana bunchy top virus bbtv dna component one were investigated. Banana bunchy top virus department of primary industries. People introduce the disease by moving infected plant material into the area. Banana bunchy top virus the low volume of the sample required for dot immunobinding assays is an important advantage over elisa in analyzing samples without dilution. Pdf first report of banana bunchy top virus in malawi.
Its integral genome consists of at least six circular ssdna genome components and is associated with all geographical isolates of bbtv. The disease, often called bbtd for banana bunchy top disease, gets its name from the bunchy appearance of infected plants. Papaya bunchy top disease was first discovered in 1931 in puerto rico. The recent outbreak of the disease in south africa caused major concern to banana growers, as yield losses of up to 100% can be recorded. Banana bunchy top virus an overview sciencedirect topics.
The most economically important viruses of banana and plantain are banana bunchy top virus bbtv, a complex of banana streak viruses bsvs and banana bract mosaic virus bbrmv. Banana bunchy top virus is restricted matter under the biosecurity act 2014. It seems there is an epidemic lately of people thinking they have bbtv here on the mainland. Banana bunchy top virus the banana knowledge platform of. It is fairly common and very problematic in hawaii, but rarely is found here in the us, even in florida. Alternative hosts of banana aphid pentalonia nigronervosa.
Video includes background history, identification, aphid control, and treatment of banana bunchy top virus. The disease is caused by a dna plant virus spread by the banana aphid, pentalonia nigronervosa, and through infected planting material. Pcr detection of banana bunchy top virus bbtv at tissue culture level for the production of virusfree planting materials article pdf available june 20 with 2,667 reads how we measure reads. One advantage of the immunedot blot technique is that the membranes used to bind the proteins also allow their retention. Typical symptoms include bunchy top appearance of the infected plant wherein the stacking of hostinduced gene silencing mediated resistance to banana bunchy top virus and fusarium wilt disease in transgenic banana plants. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a wellcharacterised virus of the family. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is the most destructive pathogenic virus of banana plants worldwide. Bunchy top virus is one of the most important diseases of bananas. Among viral diseases, banana bunchy top disease bbtd caused by banana bunchy top virus bbtv is known to be the most destructive disease of. The growth and development of banana aphids pentalonia nigronervosa coq. Banana bunchy top disease is caused by banana bunchy top virus bbtv that belongs to nano virus group. Once a plant becomes infected by the banana bunchy top virus bbtv it cannot be cured.
The disease is caused by b anana bunchy top virus bbtv, which is. Banana bunchy top virus is spread by the banana aphid, which acquires the virus after at least four but usually about 18 hours of feeding on an infected plant figures 4 and 5. Pdf banana bunchy top virus and the bunchy top disease. Tv was identified in south africa in 2015, on musa plantations in kwazulunatal kzn. Banana aphids must feed on an infected banana plant to acquire and spread the virus. Abaca bunchy top virus abtv is a pathogenic plant virus of the family nanoviridae. The australian banana industry faces serious threats from a range of destructive pests and diseases. Banana bunchy top virus prevention and cbntrol george wall western pacific tropical research center the most damaging disease of bananas in the mariana islands at this time is banana bunchy top, which is caused by a virus.
All plants with bbtv should be quarantined and reported. Regardless of the reason, it is a simple fact that the days of banana diseases, banana bunchy top virus principally, are numbered. A polymerase chain reaction pcr assay was used to detect the of banana bunchy top virus at early stages of infection in banana suckers before the expression of symptoms. Crosstransmission and new alternate hosts of banana bunchy top.
The virus is vectored by the banana aphid pentalonia nigronervosa. Field diagnosis and management of banana bunchy top disease. Endophytic bacteria induces systemic resistance against banana bunchy top virus. Scientists have previously believed that papaya bunchy top disease was caused by a virus, a mycoplasmalike organism mlo, or a phytoplasma, but these possible pathogens have. Effect of banana bunchy top virus infection on morphology and. Pdf promoters derived from banana bunchy top virus dna1. Once established, it is extremely difficult to eradicate or manage. Immunofluorescence localisation of banana bunchy top virus. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a circular singlestranded ss plant dna virus and the type member of the genus babuvirus in the family nanoviridae.
Explants containing either vegetative shoot apices or terminal floral. First report of banana bunchy top virus in banana musa spp. We analyzed 171 banana leaf samples from fourteen countries and recovered, cloned, and sequenced 855 complete bbtv components including ninetyfour full genomes. The global distribution of banana bunchy top virus reveals. A new virus carried by programs embedded in adobes pdf file format files raises concerns that the format itself could become susceptible to viruses. Banana bunchy top virus and its vector pentalonia nigronervosa. Studies over the past 100 years have contributed to important knowledge on disease biology, distribution, and spread. It severely affects the most popular local cultivar lakatan aaa, which is primarily grown on smallholdings by poor farmers. The typical symptoms of bunchy top of banana are very distinctive and readily distinguished from those caused by other viruses of banana.
A new distribution map is provided for banana bunchy top virus viruses. Muhire,2 samiuela lolohea,3 manaia halafihi,4 pascale lepoint,5 guy blomme,6 kathleen s. The transmission of banana bunchytop virus in micropropagated. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a plant pathogenic virus of the family nanoviridae that is known to infect banana plants. The virus causing btd known as banana bunchy top virus bbtv is a nanovirus. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv was originally included in the luteovirus. Development of rapidot immunoassays for the detection of.
Infected banana plants produce increasingly smaller leaves on shorter petioles giving the plants a bunched appearance. Bunchy top disease of bananas university of hawaii. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv is recognized as causing the most serious virus disease of bananas worldwide, resulting in complete yield loss in infected plants. It was first identified in fiji in 1879, and has spread around the world since then. Although the disease was first reported in the late 1880s, the virus itself, which was originally classified as a luteovirus, was isolated in the late 1980s and reassigned to the nanoviridae family in the genus babuvirus. Abtv has many similarities to banana bunchy top virus bbtv but is both genetically and serologically distinct in that it lacks two open reading frames found in bbtvs genome. In this paper, we demonstrate how a breakeven style benefit cost analysis remains highly relevant to biosecurity decisionmakers using the example of banana bunchy top virus, a plant pathogen targeted for eradication from banana growing regions of australia.
Abtv has been isolated from both abaca musa textilis and banana musa sp. There is no evidence that bbtv is spread through infected implements used in cultural or harvesting operations. Because the banana bunchy top virus does not survive in dead banana. Banana and plantain are also known to be susceptible to five other viruses of minor significance, such as abaca mosaic virus, abaca bunchy top virus, banana mild mosaic virus, banana virus x, and cucumber mosaic virus. Banana bunchy top disease bbtd, caused by the banana bunchy top virus bbtv, is reported as one of the most devastating diseases affecting banana and plantain cultivation worldwide. Abaca bunchy top virus segment 2, complete sequence. This document supplements the information in pd12 banana bunchy top virus, which is available. Almeida2 1 department of plant and environmental protection sciences, university of hawaii at manoa, honolulu, hi, usa. Bunchy top the banana knowledge platform of the promusa network. Bbtv is a small virus of size 2022 nm in diameter, consisting of ssdna with the relative molecular mass of 2. Effect of banana bunchy top virus infection on morphology and growth characteristics of banana c. Banana bunchy top disease bbt is one of the most serious. Banana bunchy top virus maui invasive species committee.
Banana bunchy top disease bbt is one of the most serious diseases of banana. Banana bunchy top virus bbtv infected plants become stunted and do not usually produce a fruit resulting in 100 per cent yield loss. Pentalonia nigronervosa pentalonia caladii aphididae and. Spread of an introduced vectorborne banana virus in hawaii. Detection of the bbtv infection in the planting material could help in the effective management of the disease in banana. Banana bunchy top virus and the bunchy top disease. Localization, concentration, and transmission efficiency of banana. Biotechnology applications for banana and plantain improvement. Plants were established in vitro from banana bunchy0top virus bbtv infeeted plants.
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